Borrell II, Count of Barcelona

Borrell II (died 993) was Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona from 945 and Count of Urgell from 948.

Borrell is first seen acting as count during the reign of his father Marquis Sunyer in 945 at the consecration of the nunnery church of Sant Pere de les Puelles in Barcelona, and succeeded Sunyer along with his brother Miró I in 947, while in 948 he inherited Urgell from his uncle Sunifred II.[1] Miró died in 966, leaving Borrell sole ruler of more than half of Old Catalonia, a status which led outsiders and flatterers to refer to him as dux Gothiae, "Duke of Gothia". His own documents almost all refer to him merely as comes et marchio, "Count and Marquis".[2]

Family

In 967 he married Ledgarda, who based on the names given her children is speculated to have been daughter of a Count of Toulouse or Rouergue. By her Borrell had two sons and two daughters: Ramon Borrell, Ermengol, Ermengarda and Richilda. After his wife's death circa 986 he married Eimeruda of Auvergne in 987.

Career

Borrell's military career seems to have been undistinguished—he is recorded fighting only two battles and seems to have lost both, and it was under his rule that Barcelona was sacked in 985 by the Muslim leader al-Mansur, as discussed below.[3][4] On the other hand, he was a far greater success as a diplomat. Before the attacks of the 980s, and discounting a single raid by the Caliph al-Hakam II soon after his succession in 961, he maintained cordial relations with the Muslim rulers of Córdoba and also sent emissaries to the kings of the Franks.[5] In 970, furthermore, he himself voyaged to Rome to meet with Pope John XIII and Emperor Otto I.[6]

Borrell was also a patron of learning and culture. In 967, Borrell visited the monastery of Aurillac and the Abbot asked the count to take Gerbert of Aurillac with him so that the lad could study mathematics in Spain. In the following years, Gerbert studied under the direction of Bishop Ato of Vich, some 60 km north of Barcelona, and probably also at the nearby Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll.[7] He was also taken on the 970 embassy to Rome, during which the Pope persuaded Otto to employ Gerbert as a tutor for his young son, the future emperor Otto II.

In 985 however the Hispanic March was attacked by the Muslim general al-Mansur. Al-Mansur managed to take Barcelona which was pillaged and sacked. Many citizens were taken prisoner by the Muslim forces.[8] Borrell sent a request to help to King Lothar III, the current King of the Western Franks,[9] but although documents of Borrell's refer to royal orders that must have come from this embassy,[10] actual military assistance was beyond Lothar's power. What appears to have been a similar plea to Hugh Capet resulted in a letter from Hugh to Borrell promising aid if the count preferred "to obey us rather than the Ishmaelites",[11] but in the event Hugh could not persuade his nobles to support a southern expedition.[12] No answer to Hugh's letter is known from Borrell, and the connection between the March and France was effectively broken. Catalan historians now consider this the point at which their nation became a sovereign power, and the millennium of their independence was celebrated in 1987 with conferences and numerous publications, but in fact the Catalan counties other than Borrell's appear to have retained links with the Frankish crown for a little longer.[13]

From 988 onwards, Borrell's sons Ramon Borrell and Ermengol appear as rulers in a divided territory, with Ramon Borrell inheriting the core triad of Barcelona, Girona and Osona and Ermengol taking over in Urgell.[14] Borrell continued to issue documents and tour his domains, however, and when he was taken ill in 993 in Castellciutat near la Seu d'Urgell, the will that he made provided for him outliving his executors.[15] It was not to be, however, and his death followed soon afterwards.[16]

Notes

  1. ^ An old historiography confuses Borrell's father Sunyer with Sunifred I Count of Cerdanya (928-66). The correct succession to the Catalan counties was clarified by Prosper de Bofarull, Los Condes de Barcelona Vindicados, y Cronología y Genealogía de los Reyes de España considerados como Soberianos Independientes de su Marca. Tomo I: abraza los siete primeros, desde el año 874 al 1035. Barcelona 1836, reprinted 1990.
  2. ^ Jonathan Jarrett, Pathways of Power in late-Carolingian Catalonia. Ph. D. thesis, University of London, 2005, pp. 192–93.
  3. ^ Catalunya Carolíngia V: els comtats de Girona, Besalú, Empúries i Peralada. Editors Santiago Sobrequés i Vidal, S. Riera i Viader, Manuel Rovira i Solà, completed by Ramon Ordeig i Mata. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans 2005. Doc. no. 457.
  4. ^ Pierre de Marca, Marca Hispanica sive Limes Hispanicus, hoc est geographica & historica descriptio cataloniae, ruscinonis, & circumiacentium populorum. Edited by Étienne Baluze. Paris 1688; reprinted Barcelona 1972 & 1989. Translated by J. Icart as Marca Hispànica, o País de la Frontera Hispanica: versió catalana. Barcelona 1965. Appendix no. CXXXIII.
  5. ^ Philippe Sénac, "Note sur les relations diplomatiques entre les comtes de Barcelone et le califat de Cordoue au Xe siècle". Histoire et Archéologie des Terres Catalanes au Moyen Âge. Edited by Philippe Sénac. Perpignan 1995, pp. 87–101.
  6. ^ Richer, Histories, cap. III.43. Edited as Richer von Sankt-Remi: Historiae'. Editor Harmut Hoffmann. Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores 38. Hannover: Hahn 2000.
  7. ^ Betty Mayfield, "Gerbert d'Aurillac and the March of Spain: A Convergence of Cultures"
  8. ^ Gaspar Feliu i Montfort, La presa de Barcelona per Almansor. Història i mitificació. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans 2007.
  9. ^ The Letters of Gerbert with his Papal Privileges as Sylvester II, translated with an introduction. Translated by H. P. Lattin. Records of Civilisation: sources and studies 60. New York 1961. No. 77
  10. ^ Diplomatari de la vila de Cardona, anys 966–1276: Arxiu Parroquial de Sant Miquel i Sant Vicenç de Cardona, Arxiu Abacial de Cardona, Arxiu Históric de Cardona, Arxius Patrimonials de les masies Garriga de Bergus, Pala de Coma i Pinell. Edited by A. Galera i Pedrosa. Colleció Diplomataris 15. Barcelona: Fundació Noguera 1998. Doc. no. 7
  11. ^ Lattin, Letters, no. 120.
  12. ^ Richer, Historiae IV.12.
  13. ^ J. Dufour, "Obédience respective des Carolingiens et des Capétiens (fin Xe siècle–début XIe siècle)". Catalunya i França Meridional a l'entorn de l'any mil: la Catalogne et la France méridionale autour de l'an mil. Colloque International du D. N. R. S./Generalitat de Catalunya « Hugues Capet 987-1987 : la France de l'an mil », Barcelona 2-5 juliol 1987. Edited by Xavier Barral i Altet, Dominique Iogna-Prat, Anscari M. Mundó, Josep María Salrach & Michel Zimmermann. Col·lecció Actes de Congressos 2. Barcelona 1991, pp. 21–44.
  14. ^ Bofarull, Condes, I pp. 139–53.
  15. ^ "Els documents, dels anys 981–1010, de l'Arxiu Capitular de la Seu d'Urgell". Edited by Cebrià Baraut. Urgellia Vol. 3. Montserrat 1980. Pages 7–166. Doc. no 232.
  16. ^ Cebrià Baraut, "La data i el lloc de la mort del comte Borrell II de Barcelona-Urgell". Urgellia Vol. 10. Montserrat 1990, pp. 469–72.
Preceded by
Sunyer		 Count of Barcelona
947–993
with Miro I (947–966)		 Succeeded by
Ramon Borrell